Auto-Owners Homeowners Insurance Review

Auto-Owners pairs an independent-agent model with unusually flexible homeowners coverage. Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost, a separate 25% Increased Cost option, water-backup coverage, high-value customization and a deep endorsement menu are meaningful strengths, but the insurer remains regional and key terms depend on the exact state, property and policy form.

Last updatedSeptember 16, 2026
Auto Owners Insurance

Auto-Owners Insurance

4.7/5 MarketReview Rating

MarketReview Rating reflects our editorial assessment of the insurer’s rebuild protection, coverage flexibility, availability, service access and material policy limitations.

See our homeowners insurance review methodology
Best for
Independent-agent shoppers who want deep coverage customization and strong rebuild options

Our verdict

Auto-Owners is strongest when the independent agent uses its broad coverage menu to build a policy around the actual property rather than treating homeowners insurance as a commodity. Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost is a major strength where available, while the separate 25% Increased Cost endorsement gives another way to create a defined rebuild cushion. Water backup, ordinance or law, equipment breakdown, cyber coverage, service-line protection and high-value options add useful depth.

The compromises are mostly structural. Auto-Owners operates in a regional 26-state market, exact homeowners eligibility can be narrower than the group footprint, and shoppers cannot complete a fully direct online purchase. General property claims also start with the agent rather than an app-first intake. For homeowners who value local advice and will compare the actual endorsements line by line, the coverage flexibility is substantial enough to justify a 4.7 MarketReview Rating.

AvailabilityAuto-Owners is an independent-agent insurer with regional availability; exact homeowners eligibility and options vary by state, property and policy.
Buying pathIndependent agentAuto-Owners sells homeowners insurance solely through independent agents; consumers use an agent to obtain a quote and select coverage.
Rebuild protectionGuaranteed replacement cost available
Water backupOptional: Auto-Owners lists Water Backup of Sewers or Drains as optional homeowners coverage.
Equipment breakdownOptional: Auto-Owners lists Equipment Breakdown as optional homeowners coverage.
Carrier structureThe consumer-facing Auto-Owners Insurance organization remains the canonical review identity. This snapshot does not infer a single legal underwriting entity for every jurisdiction.

Pros

  • Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost is available as an optional rebuild-protection feature where eligible
  • Separate 25% Increased Cost endorsement provides another clearly defined rebuild cushion
  • Broad endorsement menu includes water backup, ordinance or law, equipment breakdown and cyber protection
  • High-value home options include service-line coverage and broader treatment for valuable collections
  • Independent-agent model is backed by local claim offices and digital policy and claim tracking

Cons

  • Regional operating footprint is much narrower than a nationwide insurer
  • Homeowners quotes and purchases require an independent agent rather than a fully direct online flow
  • General property claims are agent-first, and important coverage details can vary by state and issued form

Auto-Owners makes the agent part of the product

Auto-Owners homeowners insurance makes more sense once you stop evaluating it as a direct-to-consumer product. The company sells through independent agents, and that distribution choice shapes nearly everything that follows. You do not go to Auto-Owners, type in an address, choose among three prebuilt packages and finish the purchase on your own. An agent helps estimate the home’s replacement cost, selects the underlying coverage and adds endorsements that match the property. For homeowners who want advice and customization, that can be a real advantage. For shoppers who want an instant online transaction, it is an immediate limitation.

The distinction matters because Auto-Owners has enough optional coverage that a weak quote could look much more ordinary than a strong one. Its current homeowners material lists Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost, Water Backup of Sewers or Drains, Special Personal Property, Ordinance or Law, Homeowners Plus, Equipment Breakdown, Home Cyber Protection and an Inland Flood option. The separate high-value home offering adds more emphasis on service lines, valuables, appliance leakage and tailored limits. None of those labels tells you what your particular policy includes. The agent’s job is supposed to be turning that menu into a coherent contract rather than simply attaching every available endorsement.

This is also why a bare premium comparison can be misleading. One Auto-Owners quote might include guaranteed rebuild protection, broader personal-property coverage and meaningful water-backup protection. Another might rely on a more conventional dwelling limit with fewer additions. A competing carrier might appear cheaper because the quote protects the home differently, or it might genuinely offer comparable coverage for less. The useful comparison starts by lining up settlement terms, limits and deductibles, then looking at price.

Auto-Owners says it works exclusively through independent agents in its regional market. That can give the shopper access to an intermediary who may represent other insurers as well, depending on the agency. It also creates a person to call when the policy needs to change or a claim has to be reported. The tradeoff is that the experience can vary with the agency. The insurer provides online account access and a mobile app for servicing after purchase, but the buying path remains deliberately agent-led.

That model is old-fashioned only if the agent adds no value. With Auto-Owners, the coverage menu gives the agent enough material to justify the role. The important question is whether the resulting quote shows that work. A policy that simply reproduces standard homeowners coverage without addressing rebuild risk, water, code upgrades, equipment or valuable property leaves much of Auto-Owners’ flexibility unused.

There are two very different ways to buy more rebuilding protection

The most important coverage choice in Auto-Owners’ public homeowners material is easy to miss because the company presents two solutions to the same broad problem. The first is Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost. Auto-Owners says this optional coverage can provide full replacement of the home when the policy’s coverage limit is too low. The second is an Increased Cost endorsement, which provides an additional 25% above the dwelling coverage amount when repair or replacement costs exceed the limit.

Those are not interchangeable features. A 25% Increased Cost endorsement is a defined cushion. If the dwelling limit is $500,000, a 25% extension would conceptually create up to another $125,000, subject to the actual policy terms and conditions. Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost is presented differently: it is intended to respond when the insured rebuild cost exceeds the policy limit rather than stopping at a stated 25% extension. The issued form, eligibility requirements and state availability control what the promise actually means, so the quote should identify which option is being offered instead of relying on a generic phrase such as “replacement coverage.”

The distinction becomes more important after a regional catastrophe. Reconstruction costs can move quickly when contractors are booked, material prices rise and damaged homes compete for the same labor. A reasonable dwelling estimate before the event may turn out to be insufficient afterward. A percentage extension can absorb some of that difference. A qualifying guaranteed replacement-cost feature can address a larger gap, but only when its conditions are met. Neither option is a reason to intentionally choose an unrealistically low dwelling limit.

Auto-Owners says the independent agent helps estimate the dwelling’s replacement cost. That is the correct starting point because market value and reconstruction cost are different numbers. A home’s selling price includes land value, neighborhood demand and local real-estate conditions. Reconstruction cost is driven by labor, materials, demolition, site conditions, design, code requirements and the characteristics of the structure itself. A house can be expensive to buy but comparatively straightforward to rebuild, or modest in market value yet costly to reproduce.

The Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost option is therefore one of Auto-Owners’ strongest reasons to earn a place on a homeowners shortlist. It addresses a consequential risk rather than adding a convenience benefit. But it should be verified, not assumed. Auto-Owners repeatedly warns on its coverage pages that some coverages may not be available in every state and that the issued policy, endorsements, exclusions and conditions supersede website summaries. If the agent cannot show exactly how the offered rebuild protection works for the property, the marketing name is not enough.

For a home that does not qualify for the guaranteed option, the 25% Increased Cost endorsement can still be meaningful. It creates a defined buffer above the base dwelling limit and may be adequate for a conventional home with a sound reconstruction estimate. The right choice depends on the property. A highly customized home, difficult building site or structure with unusual materials creates a different rebuilding problem from a newer house built with readily available materials.

The endorsement menu works best when each add-on solves a specific loss

Auto-Owners has a broad homeowners endorsement menu, but breadth by itself is not a reason to buy a policy. The useful question is what each addition changes when a real loss occurs. Water Backup of Sewers or Drains is a good example. Auto-Owners offers the coverage with a range of limits, which lets a homeowner match it more closely to the exposure. A finished basement with living space, electronics and mechanical equipment may justify substantially more protection than an unfinished basement with little property below grade.

Water backup should not be confused with flood. A sewer or drain backup and a sump-pump failure can be handled by water-backup coverage when the policy and cause fit. Surface water, overflowing bodies of water and other flood events are a separate insurance problem. Auto-Owners does have an Inland Flood option, but that is an added coverage with its own eligibility and terms. A shopper should never infer that ordinary homeowners coverage absorbs every event that leaves water in a basement.

Ordinance or Law coverage addresses a different cost that often appears during reconstruction. A damaged older home may have to meet current electrical, plumbing, roofing, structural or energy requirements even though the undamaged house was allowed to remain as built. Auto-Owners says its optional Ordinance or Law coverage can pay qualifying costs to bring the property up to code. The value depends on the building and local requirements, but it can be far more important than a small convenience feature when a major repair triggers mandatory upgrades.

Homeowners Plus packages several additions together. Auto-Owners describes it as extending the policy with protections that include certain damage caused by household appliance leaks and higher limits for food spoilage after power failures. Package endorsements can be useful when their components match common household risks, but they deserve the same scrutiny as individual add-ons. Ask which protections are included, what limits and deductibles apply and whether any component duplicates another endorsement already on the quote.

Equipment Breakdown reaches losses that ordinary property coverage may not handle in the same way. Auto-Owners describes it as protection for certain electrical or mechanical failures involving equipment such as air conditioners, heating systems, computers and major appliances. This is not a maintenance plan. Age, deterioration and routine wear are different from a covered equipment-breakdown event. Still, for a home with expensive HVAC, electrical systems or integrated technology, the endorsement can address a meaningful gap.

Home Cyber Protection is another example of coverage that should be evaluated on household exposure rather than novelty. Auto-Owners says it can help pay for professional assistance after stolen or corrupted data, restoration of device functionality, legal counsel related to a personal-data compromise, fraud losses and certain extortion events. A household that keeps substantial financial data online, uses many connected devices or wants access to professional recovery help may see more value than someone with limited digital exposure.

Special Personal Property coverage broadens protection for belongings by adding causes of loss that can include misplacement, staining or defacing. That is different from simply raising the personal-property limit. The standard homeowners page does not provide enough public detail to claim that every Auto-Owners policy settles all personal property on a replacement-cost basis, so the quote should spell out both the covered causes of loss and the settlement basis. Broadening the list of covered causes is useful, but it does not answer how depreciation will be handled on every claim.

The best Auto-Owners policy is therefore unlikely to be the one with the longest endorsement list. It is the one where each optional coverage can be connected to a plausible financial loss at that property. That makes the agent relationship more defensible and reduces the chance of paying for a bundle of features that sounds comprehensive without solving the home’s biggest exposures.

Its high-value approach is flexible rather than theatrical

Auto-Owners has a dedicated high-value homes offering, but it does not present itself like a boutique insurer built exclusively around luxury residences. The company’s pitch is flexibility: select specific coverages, build a custom policy and use endorsements to address the home’s construction, systems and contents. For many affluent households, that may be enough. It can provide more depth than a basic mainstream policy without requiring the homeowner to move into a specialist insurance ecosystem.

The high-value page again highlights the 25% Increased Cost endorsement, water backup, Special Personal Property, Equipment Breakdown and appliance seepage or leakage. It also adds Service Line coverage for certain damage to underground lines caused by events that can include wear, rust and other covered perils. Service-line failures are easy to overlook because the damaged pipe or cable may sit outside the house while still being the homeowner’s responsibility. Excavation and restoration can make even a relatively short failure expensive.

Valuables are another meaningful area. Auto-Owners says it can accommodate large collections of fine art, jewelry and other valuable property, including broader approaches such as agreed-value loss settlement. That matters because a standard personal-property limit is not always an adequate way to insure a collection. Special category limits, valuation methods and documentation requirements can affect what happens after a loss. Someone with substantial jewelry, art, collectibles or other scheduled property should ask the agent how each item or collection will be valued and whether agreed value is actually being offered.

The high-value proposition is strongest for a household that wants one regional insurer to handle a customized homeowners policy while maintaining an independent-agent relationship. It is less obviously suited to a residence that needs highly specialized risk engineering, extensive private-client services or unusual global exposures. Auto-Owners publicly emphasizes coverage choice more than concierge-style loss prevention. That is not a weakness for the ordinary high-value home, but it is a useful distinction when comparing it with insurers whose entire operating model is built around complex estates.

The rebuild question remains central. A high-value label does not automatically mean the quote includes Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost, and the high-value page prominently describes the separate 25% Increased Cost endorsement. An expensive home should therefore not be evaluated by brand positioning alone. Confirm the dwelling estimate, the exact rebuild enhancement, how custom materials are treated, how valuables are scheduled and whether water, service-line and appliance exposures are addressed.

That level of customization is where Auto-Owners earns much of its 4.7 MarketReview Rating. The insurer gives an agent several meaningful tools for building a stronger policy without forcing every homeowner into the same premium package. The limitation is transparency at the national website level. Coverage summaries are broad and repeatedly subject to state forms and policy terms, so the quality of the actual quote matters more than the apparent breadth of the menu.

Flood is one place where Auto-Owners is unusually interesting, but wording matters

Most homeowners reviews can deal with flood in one sentence: an ordinary homeowners policy generally does not cover it, so the homeowner needs separate flood insurance. Auto-Owners deserves more careful treatment because it advertises an Inland Flood coverage option that can be added to an existing homeowners policy for eligible homes in low-to-moderate flood zones. The company says the option can cover the home, contents including property in a basement, debris removal, additional living expenses and the cost to move covered property to safety.

That does not mean “Auto-Owners homeowners insurance covers flood.” The distinction is important. Inland Flood is an added insurance option with its own eligibility, definitions, exclusions, limits and state availability. A base homeowners policy and an Auto-Owners policy with Inland Flood are not the same contract. The company also states that this product is not affiliated with the National Flood Insurance Program.

For an eligible homeowner, having flood protection integrated with the homeowners policy can simplify the insurance arrangement. Auto-Owners says its Inland Flood definition is broader and the coverage generally less restrictive than the NFIP. Those are meaningful claims, but they should be tested against the actual endorsement and the property’s risk. A homeowner in a high-risk Special Flood Hazard Area, someone with a federally regulated mortgage or a property outside the endorsement’s underwriting appetite may still need to consider an NFIP or other private flood policy.

Basement treatment deserves particular attention. Flood policies can handle below-grade property differently, so Auto-Owners’ statement that Inland Flood can cover contents in a basement is a useful feature to investigate. The quote should still identify limits, excluded property and how the endorsement defines a covered flood. “Basement contents covered” is not the same as unlimited protection for every item and every cause of water entry.

The practical lesson is that Auto-Owners gives some homeowners an additional path to solve flood risk, not a reason to blur the line between water backup and flood. Ask separately about sewer or drain backup, sump overflow, surface flooding, groundwater, storm surge and any hurricane or wind deductible. Each can trigger a different part of the insurance program.

Claims stay local even though servicing has moved online

Auto-Owners’ claims process mirrors its distribution model. For a property claim, the company tells policyholders to contact their independent agent first. If the agent is unavailable after normal business hours, Auto-Owners provides an after-hours number, including 24-hour availability on weekends and holidays for claim emergencies. The company says it has more than 100 claim offices in 26 states and seven catastrophe teams positioned around the country.

That local-branch model is different from an insurer that routes nearly every loss through a centralized digital intake. It can be attractive if you want the agency and local claim office involved in the process. It is less convenient if your expectation is to file an ordinary homeowners claim from an app at any hour. Auto-Owners allows online filing for glass claims, but its property-claim instructions remain agent-first.

Digital tools become more useful once the claim exists. Auto-Owners’ online account and mobile app let policyholders view current claim information and claim history, see the assigned claim representative and check claim status. The same account also handles policy documents, billing and payments. The result is a hybrid servicing model: human-led purchase and claim reporting, with digital access for routine account management and claim tracking.

The company’s published claim-payment explanation is also worth reading before a loss because it describes a common replacement-cost mechanic that can surprise homeowners. Auto-Owners says an initial payment may be based on actual cash value, which means depreciation is withheld. If the policy includes replacement-cost coverage and the repairs are completed, the policyholder may then be eligible for an additional payment that reimburses withheld depreciation, subject to the eligible amount and documentation. The company says it may require an itemized invoice, photos and other proof of completion.

That does not mean every covered Auto-Owners property claim is automatically paid on a replacement-cost basis. The policy has to include the relevant replacement-cost coverage, and the item, building component and loss have to qualify. It does mean a homeowner should understand the difference between the first check and the final eligible settlement before interpreting an initial payment as the full amount of the claim.

Auto-Owners also says the homeowner can use a contractor of their choice. Its claim guidance encourages having the contractor present for the adjuster’s inspection when possible and instructs customers to contact the insurer if the contractor’s repair cost differs from the estimate. Contractor choice is important because a homeowner may already have a trusted builder or may need a specialist for unusual materials. It does not guarantee that every contractor invoice will be accepted without review, but it avoids presenting one company-selected network as the only repair route.

The claims model will therefore appeal most to someone comfortable with local human involvement. The online account is useful, but it supplements rather than replaces the independent agent and claim branch. A digital-first shopper may see that as extra friction. A homeowner who values having known local contacts may see the same structure as one of Auto-Owners’ better features.

The regional footprint and group structure put limits around the flexibility

Auto-Owners Insurance Group operates in 26 states, not nationwide. The company lists Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin as its operating states. Even that list should not be treated as a promise that every Auto-Owners homeowners form or endorsement is open for every property in every listed state.

The distinction is especially important in property insurance, where catastrophe exposure and underwriting appetite can change quickly. A company can operate in a state while limiting new business by ZIP code, construction type, roof characteristics, wildfire exposure, coastal location or other property details. Auto-Owners’ own homeowners pages state that some coverages may not be available in all states and may be modified to comply with state law. The only reliable eligibility answer is the current quote for the specific address.

The legal carrier can vary as well. Auto-Owners is the consumer-facing group brand, but the group includes several property-and-casualty insurers. Auto-Owners Insurance Company is the largest and is a mutual insurer. Owners Insurance Company is another major property-and-casualty company in the group. Home-Owners Insurance Company, Property-Owners Insurance Company and Southern-Owners Insurance Company also write property-and-casualty business in defined parts of the regional market. The declarations page identifies the company that actually issues a particular policy.

That structure is not unusual for a multi-company insurance group, but it matters when evaluating a contract. A review of “Auto-Owners homeowners insurance” is about the consumer-facing insurance relationship. The legal obligations belong to the underwriting company named in the issued policy. Buyers should not assume that every Auto-Owners-branded homeowners policy is written by the same legal entity in every state.

Financial strength provides useful background rather than a shortcut to a score. Auto-Owners currently reports an A+ Superior financial-strength rating from AM Best. That can matter when considering an insurer expected to pay large property and catastrophe losses. MarketReview does not convert an outside financial-strength grade into points, and the rating does not tell you whether a particular claim is covered. It is one supporting piece of evidence alongside the policy terms, underwriting footprint and claims infrastructure.

The regional footprint is the clearest practical drawback. Someone outside the operating market cannot buy the core Auto-Owners proposition through the ordinary agency network. Even inside the region, another insurer may have a better fit for a coastal, wildfire-exposed or otherwise difficult property. Auto-Owners earns its place through coverage depth and local distribution, not universal availability.

The quote has to prove the flexibility

Auto-Owners is a company where the quote matters more than the brochure. The public coverage menu is strong enough to support an excellent homeowners policy, but the insurer does not package every useful feature into one universal form. Before treating an Auto-Owners proposal as meaningfully better than a competing quote, six answers should be obvious from the documents and the agent’s explanation.

First, what reconstruction cost is being used for the dwelling? The number should reflect the cost to rebuild the structure, not the home’s market value or mortgage balance. Ask what assumptions drive the estimate and update it after material renovations.

Second, which rebuild enhancement is actually on the quote? Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost and the 25% Increased Cost endorsement solve related problems but do not create the same ceiling. Do not accept “replacement cost” as a complete answer.

Third, what happens when water comes from different sources? Separate ordinary sudden water damage, sewer or drain backup, sump failure and true flood. If Inland Flood is offered, read it as a distinct added coverage and verify its eligibility, limits and basement treatment.

Fourth, how are belongings and valuables settled? Special Personal Property can broaden covered causes of loss, while valuable collections may need agreed-value or scheduled treatment. Ask separately whether ordinary contents are settled at replacement cost or actual cash value under the offered form.

Fifth, what property-specific gaps remain? Older homes may need more ordinance or law protection. Finished basements may need higher water-backup limits. Homes with buried utilities, expensive HVAC or connected technology may justify service-line, equipment-breakdown or cyber coverage. A high-value home may need a much more deliberate valuables structure.

Sixth, who is actually issuing and servicing the policy? Confirm the underwriting company on the declarations, understand how the independent agency fits into service and know the after-hours property-claim route before there is a loss.

If the proposal answers those questions well, Auto-Owners can be one of the more adaptable regional homeowners options. Its 4.7 MarketReview Rating reflects strong rebuild choices, useful endorsements, credible high-value customization, a substantial local claims network and digital servicing that complements the agent model. The score stops below the very top because availability is regional and property-specific, purchase and general property-claim reporting are not fully direct, and several important coverage details only become clear at the quote and policy-form level. That is not a reason to dismiss Auto-Owners. It is the reason to make the agent demonstrate exactly what the flexibility buys.

Frequently asked questions

  • Does Auto-Owners offer guaranteed replacement cost for a home?

    Yes, Auto-Owners currently lists Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost as an optional homeowners coverage. The company says it can provide full replacement of the home when the policy's coverage limit is too low. Availability, eligibility and the issued policy terms control how the coverage applies, so confirm that the endorsement is actually included on the quote.

  • What is the difference between Auto-Owners Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost and Increased Cost coverage?

    They are different rebuild protections. Auto-Owners describes its Increased Cost endorsement as providing up to an additional 25% above the dwelling coverage amount when repair or replacement costs exceed the limit. Guaranteed Home Replacement Cost is presented as protection that can replace the home when the stated coverage limit is insufficient, subject to the endorsement's conditions and availability.

  • Can I buy Auto-Owners homeowners insurance directly online?

    No. Auto-Owners sells its insurance through independent agents. Its website and mobile tools support policy servicing after purchase, but shoppers use an independent Auto-Owners agency to obtain a homeowners quote and place coverage.

  • Does Auto-Owners offer water-backup coverage?

    Yes. Auto-Owners lists Water Backup of Sewers or Drains as optional homeowners coverage and says a range of limits is available. This is separate from true flood coverage. A backed-up sewer, sump-related event and surface flood can involve different insurance provisions, so verify the cause and applicable endorsement.

  • Does Auto-Owners homeowners insurance cover flood?

    Ordinary homeowners coverage should not be assumed to cover flood. Auto-Owners separately offers Inland Flood Coverage that may be added to an existing homeowners policy for eligible homes in low-to-moderate flood zones. The company says the option can cover the home, contents including certain basement property, debris removal and additional living expenses. It is not affiliated with the National Flood Insurance Program, and eligibility and policy terms apply.

  • What is Auto-Owners Homeowners Plus?

    Homeowners Plus is an optional package that adds several protections to the homeowners policy. Auto-Owners says examples include certain damage caused by household appliance leaks and higher limits for food spoilage after power failures. The actual package, limits and availability can vary, so review the quoted endorsement rather than assuming every listed feature applies in every state.

  • Does Auto-Owners have coverage for high-value homes and valuables?

    Yes. Auto-Owners has a high-value homeowners offering built around customizable coverage. Its current materials describe options for water backup, equipment breakdown, service lines, appliance seepage or leakage and valuable property. For fine art, jewelry and other collections, Auto-Owners says broader arrangements such as agreed-value loss settlement can be available.

  • How do I report an Auto-Owners homeowners claim?

    Auto-Owners instructs property policyholders to contact their independent agent first. If the agent is unavailable after normal business hours, Auto-Owners provides an after-hours claim reporting number, including 24-hour availability on weekends and holidays for claim emergencies. Existing claims can be tracked through the online account.

  • Can I choose my own contractor for an Auto-Owners property claim?

    Yes. Auto-Owners' published claim guidance tells homeowners to contact a contractor of their choice and review the insurer's estimate with that contractor. If the contractor's cost differs from the estimate, the policyholder is instructed to contact Auto-Owners. Coverage and payment remain subject to the claim review and policy terms.

John Miller

About the author

John Miller

Economics Contributor

John Miller writes about the economic forces behind markets and financial decisions. He covers inflation, interest rates, employment, supply and demand, public policy and the channels through which economic changes affect investors, borrowers and households.

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